Black culture is defined by fashion, image, language, food and music. Each aspect has a different reflect on black culture. Certain Jamaican words spoken by the culture is also shown in the black culture in Britain, this is described as slang.
Fashion such as low baggy jeans, baseball caps, puffy jackets are all referred to as 'black style' or 'acting black'. However this culture is also being adopted by white culture as well. This is seen as a negative to some but a positive in according to some. Some people believe that adopting certain things to fit in, while others state this is a positive thing as it is flattering in their life style, that and other people are being influenced by their culture.
The radio show also talks about how the next generation of the migrants were influenced by the 60's revolution and how it was important to look good and this started to influence the black style, but also the British style.
Wednesday, 22 February 2012
Task 3
Identity: The set of behavioral or personal characteristics by which an individual is recognizable as a member of a group.
Collective Identity: Is a concept which refers to a set of individuals' sense of belonging to the group or collective. For the individual, the identity derived from the collective shapes a part of his or her personal identity.
Representation: Is how something is constructed through multiple sources such as media, something is being portrayed in a certain way to represent a meaning.
Hegemony: The predominant influence, as of a state, region, or group, over another or others.
Colonialism: the control of a nation over a dependent country, territory, or people.
Post-colonialism: Which refers to the time following the establishment of independence in a colony
Youth Subculture: is a minority youth culture which its distinctiveness depends on social class and ethnic background of its members. It can be characterized my the culture adopting a music genre, fashion and an attitude.
Post-modernism: Of or relating to art, architecture, or literature that reacts against earlier modernist principles, as by reintroducing traditional or classical elements of style or by carrying modernist styles or practices to extremes
Urban Music: is a music genres that was defined mostly in the 1980's and 1990's, through the recording of a mix of R&B, disco and rap.
Collective Identity: Is a concept which refers to a set of individuals' sense of belonging to the group or collective. For the individual, the identity derived from the collective shapes a part of his or her personal identity.
Representation: Is how something is constructed through multiple sources such as media, something is being portrayed in a certain way to represent a meaning.
Hegemony: The predominant influence, as of a state, region, or group, over another or others.
Colonialism: the control of a nation over a dependent country, territory, or people.
Post-colonialism: Which refers to the time following the establishment of independence in a colony
Youth Subculture: is a minority youth culture which its distinctiveness depends on social class and ethnic background of its members. It can be characterized my the culture adopting a music genre, fashion and an attitude.
Post-modernism: Of or relating to art, architecture, or literature that reacts against earlier modernist principles, as by reintroducing traditional or classical elements of style or by carrying modernist styles or practices to extremes
Urban Music: is a music genres that was defined mostly in the 1980's and 1990's, through the recording of a mix of R&B, disco and rap.
Task 5
Who is being represented?
In this radio extract I believe that the black and the white community are being represented. The black community being portrayed as criminals and invaders to Britain. While the white are being represented as the 'angelic' stating that the only way to solve the problem is violence.
What is being represented?
The black community is being represented, as invaders, foreigners. Describing them as criminals with the racial riots and that they are to blame for it. Stating that colour mass immigration causes evil. In comparison to the black community helping in the war effort.
Also the Notting Hill riots are being represented in this extract, and that Britain's only solution to this racial violence was in turn to be violent back.
How is the representation being constructed?
This is being constructed from various sound clips of people, being hostile towards blacks without being directly racists. Calling the migrants invaders, evil and criminals, blaming them for the riots and at the end when a black migrants says 'they wont allow Britain to stay white and they are here to stay', adding to the criminal stereotype already being constructed by the Notting Hill riots.
Task 4
Windrush Parts 1-15
Part 1
Britain 50 years ago was a very different place. In 1948 the British nation was counting the cost of victory in WWII and it was about to lose its empire. Britain up to this point had been exlcuivily British. However this was about to change as a wave of immigration was about to come from the west Indies.
Jamaican school life was influenced by British schooling, as Jamaica was a colony of Britain. Kids were brought up as 'British', to respect the royal family and respect their mother country Britain.
'King was their King, the flag was their flag'
1939 WWII broke out, and the west Indies thought it was only natural for them to help with the war effort and answer the call from Britain. The West Indies answered the call with more man power rather than money to help out Britain.
Part 2
West Indians become popular musicians in Britain, however after WWII attitudes towards the West Indies began to change. After war most west Indians returned home to the Caribbean, but the other listed for extra military service.
Part 3
Part 1
Britain 50 years ago was a very different place. In 1948 the British nation was counting the cost of victory in WWII and it was about to lose its empire. Britain up to this point had been exlcuivily British. However this was about to change as a wave of immigration was about to come from the west Indies.
Jamaican school life was influenced by British schooling, as Jamaica was a colony of Britain. Kids were brought up as 'British', to respect the royal family and respect their mother country Britain.
'King was their King, the flag was their flag'
1939 WWII broke out, and the west Indies thought it was only natural for them to help with the war effort and answer the call from Britain. The West Indies answered the call with more man power rather than money to help out Britain.
Part 2
West Indians become popular musicians in Britain, however after WWII attitudes towards the West Indies began to change. After war most west Indians returned home to the Caribbean, but the other listed for extra military service.
Part 3
Empire Windrush brought 500 from Jamaica to the mother country Britain.
Docked Tilbury harbour in Essex June 21 1948.
For many of those setting foot on the mother country excitement was tinged with uncertainty
They were unused to the climate of Britain, and the changes it brought.
Most of the new arrivals had nowhere to live and no jobs to go to. While they looked for work the government housed them in an old air raid shelter, underneath Clacton common in south London. Two shillings a night for accommodation, but as soon as they got work they had to leave. First stop for those in the shelter was the nearest labour exchange Brixton, but none of the new arrivals had difficulty finding work, half a million casualties in the war, Britain was desperate for labour. Migrates settled where the Jobs were in London, Manchester the west midlands. The men settled into work quickly but the English were seen to be bemused by them.Empire Windrush brought 500 from Jamaica to the mother country Britain.
Docked Tilbury harbour in Essex June 21 1948.
For many of those setting foot on the mother country excitement was tinged with uncertainty
They were unused to the climate of Britain, and the changes it brought.
Most of the new arrivals had nowhere to live and no jobs to go to. While they looked for work the government housed them in an old air raid shelter, underneath Clacton common in south London. Two shillings a night for accommodation, but as soon as they got work they had to leave. First stop for those in the shelter was the nearest labour exchange Brixton, but none of the new arrivals had difficulty finding work, half a million casualties in the war, Britain was desperate for labour. Migrates settled where the Jobs were in London, Manchester the west Midlands. The men settled into work quickly but the English were seen to be bemused by them. As the migrants began to establish themselves, then the conservative government found a solution to the shortage in manpower in public services, the recruitment drive took officials as far as the Caribbean, the campaign had an unlikely champion, Enoch Powell. Powell taught several Caribbean territories.
Part 4
The England that the Caribbean migrates came to was different from what they expected and read about from books. They had a colonial dream of what Britain was like, and reality hit them when they met the real working class, 'going down the pub with a cockney accent'. Found it grey and dismal compared to the ideas they had of Britain where it was more 'propitious and better looking than it was'. But shabby post war England held an even more shocking story, the difference and antagonism of the people. The British population began to show their ignorance of migrants, may migrants thought they would be welcomed with open arms. The migrant and black population began to feel isolated buy the British people, being ignored and discriminated against, this began to be displayed by the appearance of a new slogan in Britain ' Keep Britain White'. British people then began to realise after the numbers of migrants grow that they now had a black population which was going to stay.
Part 5
West Indians began to find solace in their own clubs, their own music and their own celebrities, gathering friends that were going through the same thing they were. As their was a larger population of young male migrants this lead to romance across the 'colour line'. This aroused hostility, with the some of the white men. White people showed their hostility towards white women dating across the colour line by spitting on them as they passed by.
By the mid 1950's west indian immigration was rising to its peek, 20,000 a year, housing was the biggest problem and most conflict. Signs were displayed in housing for rent stating that no black migrants or citizens could apply.
A BBC documentary was created which filmed an West Indian migrant, trying to get accommodation. It highlighted the discrimination of the black population and it was one of the first programmes on British televisions to highlight race.
The new arrivals were forced into overcrowded, unsafe accommodation. If they failed to pay the rent for a week or two weeks, they would not uncommonly find their belongings in the street thrown out. The black population kept their heads down, fearful that if they did say something they would have no where to go. They only way to escape the slum landlords was to buy you own property, but the idea of black home-owners in Britain caused more hostility and resentment.
Part 6
The rising number of black home owners began to create speculation that they were making to money to buy theses homes from prostitution and racketeering. By the late 1950, was the age of tremendous cruelty to black people. On the streets of Nottingham, west Indians in Nottingham reacted to the increasing violence towards them and fought back, the disturbances lasted 2 weeks. But days later trouble broke out in Notting Hill, this caused the rift between both black and white populations for a generation. Summer 1958, the trigger that started the 6 weeks of violence was a domestic argument,
Part 7
For the next 6 weeks of riots, black homes were targeted by mobs, and black people where chased by large groups of white people. More men, most of them 'Teddy boys' joined in the Notting Hill riots from other areas. Sir Oswald Mosley, anti-immigrant union movement had been campaigning in Notting Hill since 1956.
This caused a rise in hostility towards black people, 'teddy boys' were seen with chains hitting black people. This lead to black people coming from other areas, to protect peoples homes and families living in Notting Hill.
Part 8
As the result of the death of Kelso Cochrane, many local white residents in Notting Hill, wanted the volience to stop on there streets. So they descided to go to the funeral to show their support and feelings, and was a multi-racial funeral, and stand against raceism. People were beginning to blame Mosley for the violence.
5 months later for the election people began to turn their backs on Oswald Mosley, humiliated by gaining just 2,000 votes he retired from politics. Whites attitudes and west Indians began to change,
As the 1960's began a new music began to take hold, ska, began to over take pop.
Part 9
Caribbean music became a statement of the night club scene. High society London began to find the seedier side of the west Indian night life. The divide had fallen between the black and white populations. However the incident involving Christine Keeler, only reinforced the stereotype of black people being trouble for British society. Racism and divide was still shown in churches with the ministers saying to black people not to come as they thought they would lose the white community. So the black community began to hire out halls and turn them into churches and began the pentecostal church movement.
Part 10
By the mid 1960, wives and children began to join the large male migration and were putting down more permanent routes. As west Indians began to realise that being in Britain was for the long term future, they began to look at their place in society. Black equality began to show its first focus in 1963, in Bristol where the colour bar was still a major part, especially with the brisco omnibus company, who were only hiring white people. A boycott was then started by Paul Stephenson but it took 4 months for it to achieve victory, and the bus company backed down. The Labour party won power in 1964, but it took Harold Wilson government a year and a half to introduce Britain's first race relations act, however it was proceeded by a bill to cut commonwealth immigration. Micheal X began to be black Britains
Part 11
Michael X organisation was attracting the interest of radical blacks but also liberals whites, the financial backing helped set up the 'Black House' a black commune in London. In 1970 John leonon and Yoko Ono shaved of their hair giving it as a donation to the organisation. However with all this publicity about the black movement there was still some speculation if this was actually bringing any good by his high profile antics. By the end of the 60's, the organisation was set with arguments out money, which could not be accounted for. Due to allegations of fraud and black mail, the 'Black house' closed down and Michael X disappeared. Micheal X was the convicted of murder of two of his followers in Trinidad, and was hanged.
Since to 1950's white anti-immigration groups had been growing in strength, culminating with the national front, in 1966. Made a major impact in the middles where there was a lot of industry where the migrants flocked to for work, but with the lack of housing, created hostility towards the black population.
Part 12
In 1964, race became a factor in the British general election for the first time. With the race relations act about to become law Enoch Powell was read a constituents letter to a meeting of west middles conservatives, his speech inflame the anti-immigration feeling across the country. After the sacking of Enoch Powell, over the immigration issue left the conservative party divided, but it also divided the country. While students and left wing demonstrated against him, but dockers and meat potters supported him.
However a new generation had been born and raised in the 60's, unlike their parents they didnt feel like visitors.
Part 13
January 1981 a fire of a south London house took the lives of 13 children. As the 70's began, Britain was on the verge of economic recession, and black youngsters were 3x likely to be unemployed. Due to colours bars still being on certain pubs and clubs, the black community created their own club scene by using church halls and community centres to establish their own club scene. It was escape from the hostility. The clubs promoted a style especially for blacks of music and fashion, mostly taken from America, such as 21-inch bell bottoms
and 6 inch platform shoes. The current generation were displaying a completely different attitude to that of their parents. The education system was what was the most changing to the next generation as it was ill-equipped to deal with black children. Some teachers was openly hostile and there was low expectations of black children. For the new generation of school leaves, the hostility and the pattern of low expectation was repeated outside the school. Tension between police and black youth had existed since the event at Notting Hill. The Mangrove a restaurant in London, was continually searched by Police with 5 raids in the first year, without any evidence, and would find nothing.
Part 14
Outraged a local protest was organised in august 1970, and and was mark on police and black community relations. Police showed up and 15-16 people were arrested and were charged with various serious charges and the 9 people that were charged, their trails at the old bailey lasted 50 days and were cleared of charges. But the police gained distrust from many of the black community. The young black communities fears of the police were increased with the SUS laws, where the police could search you with out any evidence, and if they believed you about to do something criminal of properties or persons unknown, and the police didn't need to specify the arrest. Black men were 15x more likely to be arrested than whites, and parents had difficult to believe that the police were biased. Then the parents began to realised after while that their children were being victimised by police and the education system.
Part 15
Resentment towards the police exploded on the august bank holiday 1976, Notting Hill carnival was the setting of the confrontation between police and black youth. This occurred as there was more police that was deemed necessary and people were being move to particular areas. The brutally caused the black youth responded, however this only reinforced the stereotypes about black criminality and it convinced the younger generation that there was no place for them in conventional British life. Many began to listen to a new voice that would give them a different identity, Bob Marley initial reaction was with the black youth community, as his music described how their lives were and offered a kind of salvation.
To the new generation Marley was more than a musician, he was a rastafarian. The combination of reggae and rasta, became the key for young black youth dealing with problems. The colours read gold and green became a symbol of those who had no recollection of the islands their parents had come from.
The National Front gained a lot of force in the 1970's, inflaming national anti-immigration feeling and fears of black criminality. August 1977 the National front staged a demonstration against black criminality, through Lewisham a prominent black society. However the younger generation had other ideas. The police tactic was to put themselves between the national front and demonstrators, however as the police marched along side them to keep the peace, violence broke out (red dye, bottles, stones). As the police responded to the front march, however a full fledged battle broke out between them.
However that event did little to improve the relations between the black and police community.
Part 6
The rising number of black home owners began to create speculation that they were making to money to buy theses homes from prostitution and racketeering. By the late 1950, was the age of tremendous cruelty to black people. On the streets of Nottingham, west Indians in Nottingham reacted to the increasing violence towards them and fought back, the disturbances lasted 2 weeks. But days later trouble broke out in Notting Hill, this caused the rift between both black and white populations for a generation. Summer 1958, the trigger that started the 6 weeks of violence was a domestic argument,
Part 7
For the next 6 weeks of riots, black homes were targeted by mobs, and black people where chased by large groups of white people. More men, most of them 'Teddy boys' joined in the Notting Hill riots from other areas. Sir Oswald Mosley, anti-immigrant union movement had been campaigning in Notting Hill since 1956.
This caused a rise in hostility towards black people, 'teddy boys' were seen with chains hitting black people. This lead to black people coming from other areas, to protect peoples homes and families living in Notting Hill.
Part 8
As the result of the death of Kelso Cochrane, many local white residents in Notting Hill, wanted the volience to stop on there streets. So they descided to go to the funeral to show their support and feelings, and was a multi-racial funeral, and stand against raceism. People were beginning to blame Mosley for the violence.
5 months later for the election people began to turn their backs on Oswald Mosley, humiliated by gaining just 2,000 votes he retired from politics. Whites attitudes and west Indians began to change,
As the 1960's began a new music began to take hold, ska, began to over take pop.
Part 9
Caribbean music became a statement of the night club scene. High society London began to find the seedier side of the west Indian night life. The divide had fallen between the black and white populations. However the incident involving Christine Keeler, only reinforced the stereotype of black people being trouble for British society. Racism and divide was still shown in churches with the ministers saying to black people not to come as they thought they would lose the white community. So the black community began to hire out halls and turn them into churches and began the pentecostal church movement.
Part 10
By the mid 1960, wives and children began to join the large male migration and were putting down more permanent routes. As west Indians began to realise that being in Britain was for the long term future, they began to look at their place in society. Black equality began to show its first focus in 1963, in Bristol where the colour bar was still a major part, especially with the brisco omnibus company, who were only hiring white people. A boycott was then started by Paul Stephenson but it took 4 months for it to achieve victory, and the bus company backed down. The Labour party won power in 1964, but it took Harold Wilson government a year and a half to introduce Britain's first race relations act, however it was proceeded by a bill to cut commonwealth immigration. Micheal X began to be black Britains
Part 11
Michael X organisation was attracting the interest of radical blacks but also liberals whites, the financial backing helped set up the 'Black House' a black commune in London. In 1970 John leonon and Yoko Ono shaved of their hair giving it as a donation to the organisation. However with all this publicity about the black movement there was still some speculation if this was actually bringing any good by his high profile antics. By the end of the 60's, the organisation was set with arguments out money, which could not be accounted for. Due to allegations of fraud and black mail, the 'Black house' closed down and Michael X disappeared. Micheal X was the convicted of murder of two of his followers in Trinidad, and was hanged.
Since to 1950's white anti-immigration groups had been growing in strength, culminating with the national front, in 1966. Made a major impact in the middles where there was a lot of industry where the migrants flocked to for work, but with the lack of housing, created hostility towards the black population.
Part 12
In 1964, race became a factor in the British general election for the first time. With the race relations act about to become law Enoch Powell was read a constituents letter to a meeting of west middles conservatives, his speech inflame the anti-immigration feeling across the country. After the sacking of Enoch Powell, over the immigration issue left the conservative party divided, but it also divided the country. While students and left wing demonstrated against him, but dockers and meat potters supported him.
However a new generation had been born and raised in the 60's, unlike their parents they didnt feel like visitors.
Part 13
January 1981 a fire of a south London house took the lives of 13 children. As the 70's began, Britain was on the verge of economic recession, and black youngsters were 3x likely to be unemployed. Due to colours bars still being on certain pubs and clubs, the black community created their own club scene by using church halls and community centres to establish their own club scene. It was escape from the hostility. The clubs promoted a style especially for blacks of music and fashion, mostly taken from America, such as 21-inch bell bottoms
and 6 inch platform shoes. The current generation were displaying a completely different attitude to that of their parents. The education system was what was the most changing to the next generation as it was ill-equipped to deal with black children. Some teachers was openly hostile and there was low expectations of black children. For the new generation of school leaves, the hostility and the pattern of low expectation was repeated outside the school. Tension between police and black youth had existed since the event at Notting Hill. The Mangrove a restaurant in London, was continually searched by Police with 5 raids in the first year, without any evidence, and would find nothing.
Part 14
Outraged a local protest was organised in august 1970, and and was mark on police and black community relations. Police showed up and 15-16 people were arrested and were charged with various serious charges and the 9 people that were charged, their trails at the old bailey lasted 50 days and were cleared of charges. But the police gained distrust from many of the black community. The young black communities fears of the police were increased with the SUS laws, where the police could search you with out any evidence, and if they believed you about to do something criminal of properties or persons unknown, and the police didn't need to specify the arrest. Black men were 15x more likely to be arrested than whites, and parents had difficult to believe that the police were biased. Then the parents began to realised after while that their children were being victimised by police and the education system.
Part 15
Resentment towards the police exploded on the august bank holiday 1976, Notting Hill carnival was the setting of the confrontation between police and black youth. This occurred as there was more police that was deemed necessary and people were being move to particular areas. The brutally caused the black youth responded, however this only reinforced the stereotypes about black criminality and it convinced the younger generation that there was no place for them in conventional British life. Many began to listen to a new voice that would give them a different identity, Bob Marley initial reaction was with the black youth community, as his music described how their lives were and offered a kind of salvation.
To the new generation Marley was more than a musician, he was a rastafarian. The combination of reggae and rasta, became the key for young black youth dealing with problems. The colours read gold and green became a symbol of those who had no recollection of the islands their parents had come from.
The National Front gained a lot of force in the 1970's, inflaming national anti-immigration feeling and fears of black criminality. August 1977 the National front staged a demonstration against black criminality, through Lewisham a prominent black society. However the younger generation had other ideas. The police tactic was to put themselves between the national front and demonstrators, however as the police marched along side them to keep the peace, violence broke out (red dye, bottles, stones). As the police responded to the front march, however a full fledged battle broke out between them.
However that event did little to improve the relations between the black and police community.
Tuesday, 21 February 2012
Sunday, 19 February 2012
Tuesday, 7 February 2012
Research: Pressure
What event occurred in 1970s and 1980's that represent the presence of racial tension?
Britain was in Deep recession between 1970 and 1980, which caused widespread unemployment throughout Britain. This caused a large portion of Britain's black community already in limited employment to lose their jobs, increasing the already existing racial tension already existing, this caused riots and uprising in Britain's cities such as Liverpool's Toxeth, Bristols St Paul's, Birmingham's Handworth and at the Notting Hill Carnival in London.
Why do you think Pressure was made?
I think pressure was made, to highlight the struggle of getting a job during the period of 1970-1980's. But also to highlight the struggle against discrimination, prejudice and fitting in for the second generation, of immigration to Britain.
What example of racism are represented in Pressure?
Racism is shown through the struggle Tony has to find a job, especially in the opening part of the film in the interview. Where the interview automatically assumes that Tony has just come to the country.
Racism again is also shown when Tony goes to an old friend from schools flat, and the land lady refuses to let him into the house and yell out him to leave before she calls the police. Also there is the scene where the police burst in to the black power groups meeting, and arrest everyone on the grounds they are thought to have drugs, and there is no evidence based upon this, but just because of the colour of their skin.
How does the theme of collective identity come across in Pressure?
The theme of collective identity between both cultures in pressure is shown through the use of language and particularly in food. Which is clearly highlighted the division in the first scene of the film, at breakfast between Tony and Colin. Tony eating Bacon and Eggs and Colin eating exotic fruit with a sauce in relation to his cultural identity. This is also shown again when he is with some African-Caribbean friends and Tony wants to get finish and chips rather than the cultural cuisine 'patty', this scene also shows the difference of cultural language when Tony says 'patay' instead of 'patty'.
How do you think Pressure differs from mainstream representations of Black Britons?
Pressure differs from the mainstream representations of Black Briton's as it shows the second generation of black Britons born in the UK trying to adapt to the cultures of Britain and being criticise for it. Especially shown when Tony eats fish and chips and an English breakfast.
Wednesday, 1 February 2012
Homework: Research
What was happening in Britain between, 1948-1962?
Between 1948 and 1962 workers from the British colonies could migrate to Britain without restriction, until 1962 every Commonwealth citizen was entitled to enter the United Kingdom at will. This right had been freely exercised for many years but it was only in the 10 years from 1952 onwards that substantial numbers of people from the Commonwealth began to think of settling in Britain. Under the British Nationality Act 1948, citizens of British colonies could simply apply to the Home Office for registration of British nationality and were issued with certificates.
The South Asian citizens who could obtain certificates included many who came to Britain from other colonies, such as indentured labourers from the West Indies and families who had settled in East Africa. Read more about records for Asians who had migrated to the colonies.
How was the social landscaping changing?
After the Second World War the political and social landscape changed dramatically. Large numbers of migrants from West Indian and Asian countries began to migrate to Britain in order to fill jobs that British public were not filling. Through this distinct youth culture began to evolve - 'teddy boys' were a common occurrence on the streets of Britain. However this also caused a negative impact as well as positive across Britain such as the racial attacks that occurred in Notting Hill in London in August 1958.
Between 1948 and 1962 workers from the British colonies could migrate to Britain without restriction, until 1962 every Commonwealth citizen was entitled to enter the United Kingdom at will. This right had been freely exercised for many years but it was only in the 10 years from 1952 onwards that substantial numbers of people from the Commonwealth began to think of settling in Britain. Under the British Nationality Act 1948, citizens of British colonies could simply apply to the Home Office for registration of British nationality and were issued with certificates.
The South Asian citizens who could obtain certificates included many who came to Britain from other colonies, such as indentured labourers from the West Indies and families who had settled in East Africa. Read more about records for Asians who had migrated to the colonies.
How was the social landscaping changing?
After the Second World War the political and social landscape changed dramatically. Large numbers of migrants from West Indian and Asian countries began to migrate to Britain in order to fill jobs that British public were not filling. Through this distinct youth culture began to evolve - 'teddy boys' were a common occurrence on the streets of Britain. However this also caused a negative impact as well as positive across Britain such as the racial attacks that occurred in Notting Hill in London in August 1958.
How did the changing social landscape lead to ‘racialisation’ of British politics?
The increase in immigrants coming into Britain led to the British government putting in tighter legislation in to decrease the amount of immigration. Since there was a decrease in British jobs. This legislation meant that only British Citizens, who strong ties to the UK, Channel Islands and the Island of man, had the right to work and live in the UK. This also lead to an ooutsider Conservative MP Enoch Powell claiming the country to be 'mad' to allow such a high number of immigrants into the country in what is now known as 'The River's of Blood' speech.
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